{"id":1444,"date":"2026-06-16T15:15:28","date_gmt":"2026-06-16T07:15:28","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.htn-ti.com\/?p=1361"},"modified":"2026-06-16T15:15:28","modified_gmt":"2026-06-16T07:15:28","slug":"a-comparative-study-on-the-microstructure-and-properties-of-three-forging-processes-of-gr5-titanium-alloy","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.htn-ti.com\/es\/a-comparative-study-on-the-microstructure-and-properties-of-three-forging-processes-of-gr5-titanium-alloy\/","title":{"rendered":"A Comparative Study on the Microstructure and Properties of Three Forging Processes of Gr5 Titanium Alloy"},"content":{"rendered":"<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Titanium alloys present a series of special challenges during forging due to their high deformation resistance and active chemical properties. First, the microstructure and properties of titanium alloy forgings are highly sensitive to forging thermal parameters. Their forging temperature range is relatively narrow, and as the deformation rate increases, the deformation resistance rises significantly, exhibiting strong strain rate sensitivity. Second, titanium alloys have poor thermal conductivity, making them prone to localized overheating during forging, which creates large internal and external temperature differences, further exacerbating the uneven distribution of deformation between the core and surface of the billet, leading to cracking or even product rejection. Therefore, studying the effects of different forging processes on the microstructure and mechanical properties of titanium alloys and seeking reasonable forming processes are of great practical significance for production.<br>Gr5 titanium alloy is currently the most widely used \u03b1+\u03b2 dual-phase titanium alloy. Thanks to its excellent properties, it has been extensively applied in aerospace, automotive, medical, and other fields. Researchers worldwide have conducted numerous studies on its various properties and processing techniques. However, systematic comparisons of the effects of different forging processes on the microstructure and mechanical properties of Gr5 titanium alloy are rarely reported. To address this gap, researchers selected three typical processes\u2014\u03b2 forging, near-\u03b2 forging, and (\u03b1+\u03b2) dual-phase forging\u2014and studied their effects on the microstructure and mechanical properties of Gr5 titanium alloy bars, aiming to identify the optimal forging solution and provide a reference for producing Gr5 titanium alloy forgings that meet requirements.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-full\"><img src=\"data:image\/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP\/\/\/yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.htn-ti.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/9.png\" decoding=\"async\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-1362 lazyload\"><noscript><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.htn-ti.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/9.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-1362\"><\/noscript><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">I. Experimental Materials and Methods<br>The experiment used Gr5 titanium alloy forging billets with dimensions of \u03a6100mm \u00d7 450mm. The (\u03b1+\u03b2)\/\u03b2 phase transition temperature (T\u03b2) was determined to be 990\u00b0C using the metallographic method. The forging billet was divided into three equal sections, and three forging process tests were conducted on each section, all with a deformation amount of 50%. The forging equipment was a 3t free-forging hammer:<br>Conventional (\u03b1+\u03b2) forging: T\u03b2 &#8211; 60\u00b0C<br>Near-\u03b2 forging: T\u03b2 &#8211; 20\u00b0C<br>\u03b2 forging: T\u03b2 + 40\u00b0C<br>After forging, all forgings were subjected to dual heat treatment: 900\u00b0C \u00d7 1h\/AC + 600\u00b0C \u00d7 4h\/AC. After heat treatment, metallographic samples, tensile samples, and impact samples were taken. Microstructures were observed under a metallographic microscope, and quantitative statistics such as equiaxed \u03b1 phase content and secondary lamellar \u03b1 phase thickness were measured using image analysis software.<br>II. Experimental Results and Analysis<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">1.Microstructure Characteristics<br>After forging with the three different processes, Gr5 titanium alloy exhibited significantly different microstructures:<br>\u03b1+\u03b2 forging: Equiaxed microstructure<br>Near-\u03b2 forging: Mixed microstructure (equiaxed \u03b1 + lamellar \u03b2)<br>\u03b2 forging: Lamellar microstructure<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-full\"><img src=\"data:image\/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP\/\/\/yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.htn-ti.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/10.png\" decoding=\"async\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-1363 lazyload\"><noscript><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.htn-ti.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/10.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-1363\"><\/noscript><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">2.Mechanical Properties Comparison<br>Strength: The strengths of the bars processed under the three processes were comparable, with no significant differences.<br>Plasticity: The plasticity of \u03b1+\u03b2 forging and near-\u03b2 forging was significantly higher than that of \u03b2 forging.<br>Impact toughness: \u03b2 forging exhibited the best impact toughness, superior to the other two processes.<br>Overall, the Gr5 titanium alloy bars after near-\u03b2 forging demonstrated the best comprehensive mechanical properties (good balance of strength, plasticity, and impact toughness).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">3.Fracture Morphology<br>The tensile specimen fractures under all three forging processes exhibited a ductile fracture mechanism. The specific differences are as follows:<br>\u03b1+\u03b2 forging and near-\u03b2 forging: Fractures showed relatively deep and uniformly distributed equiaxed dimples.<br>\u03b2 forging: Fractures displayed relatively flat and elongated dimples.<br>III. Conclusions<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">1.After \u03b1+\u03b2 forging, near-\u03b2 forging, and \u03b2 forging, Gr5 titanium alloy respectively exhibits equiaxed microstructure, mixed microstructure, and lamellar microstructure.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">2.The strengths of the bars under the three processes are comparable. The plasticity of \u03b1+\u03b2 forging and near-\u03b2 forging is higher than that of \u03b2 forging, but \u03b2 forging has the best impact toughness.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">3.Near-\u03b2 forging achieves the best comprehensive mechanical properties and is a relatively optimized forging process solution for Gr5 titanium alloy bars.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">4.The tensile fractures of all three processes are ductile fractures, but there are significant differences in dimple morphology: \u03b1+\u03b2 forging and near-\u03b2 forging present uniform equiaxed dimples, while \u03b2 forging presents flat elongated dimples.<br>This study provides a clear reference basis for selecting forging processes in the actual production of Gr5 titanium alloy forgings. Particularly when strength, plasticity, and impact toughness need to be balanced, near-\u03b2 forging is a solution worth prioritizing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\"><\/ol>\n\n\n\n<ol start=\"2\" class=\"wp-block-list\"><\/ol>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Titanium alloys present a series of special challenges during forging due to their high deformation resistance and active chemical properties. First, the microstructure and properties of titanium alloy forgings are highly sensitive to forging thermal parameters. Their forging temperature range is relatively narrow, and as the deformation rate increases, the deformation resistance rises significantly, exhibiting [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":1362,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"site-sidebar-layout":"default","site-content-layout":"","ast-site-content-layout":"default","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"","footer-sml-layout":"","ast-disable-related-posts":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"default","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-4)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"ast-content-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"footnotes":""},"categories":[48,46],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-1444","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-blog","category-knowledge"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.htn-ti.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1444","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.htn-ti.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.htn-ti.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.htn-ti.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.htn-ti.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1444"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.htn-ti.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1444\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.htn-ti.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1444"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.htn-ti.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1444"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.htn-ti.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1444"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}