ASTM F67 Grade 2 Unalloyed Titanium Wire
- Standard: ASTM F67
- Grade: Grade 2 (Unalloyed Titanium)
- UNS: R50400
- Supply form: Coil or straight-length wire
- Condition: Annealed or as ordered
- Diameter Range: Ø0.03–Ø7.0 mm
Customizable sizes are available, while specific product parameters should be confirmed per the applicable standard edition and order.
Product Overview
ASTM F67 Grade 2 unalloyed titanium wire is wrought commercially pure titanium wire used to manufacture surgical implants, UNS R50400. Among the four unalloyed grades in ASTM F67, Grade 2 combines moderate strength with good ductility and cold-workability and is one of the most widely used commercially pure titanium grades for medical wire products. Its properties are controlled principally through oxygen, iron, nitrogen, carbon and hydrogen limits.
The material offers good biocompatibility, resistance to physiological corrosion, bendability and balanced mechanical performance for medical wire requiring higher strength than Grade 1 while retaining good drawability and formability. ASTM F67 compliance applies to the wire raw material; it does not mean a finished implant has completed design verification, biological evaluation, cleaning, sterilization or regulatory approval.
| Specification | Details |
| Industrial Standard | ASTM F67 |
| Grades | Gr2 |
| Diameter Range | Ø0.03–Ø7.0 mm |
| Typical Diameters | Ø0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6, 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5, 3.0, 4.0, 5.0, 6.0, 7.0 mm |
| Supply Form | Coil / Spool or straightened and cut wire |
Medical-use boundary: ASTM F67-compliant titanium wire is medical-device raw material, not an approved finished implant. The device manufacturer remains responsible for design, manufacturing, cleaning, sterilization, biological evaluation, risk management and regulatory compliance.
Main Characteristics
- Balanced strength and ductility: Annealed Grade 2 is stronger than Grade 1 while retaining good elongation, bending, coiling, weaving and general cold-forming capability.
- Controlled unalloyed chemistry: No nominal alloying addition is made; O, Fe, N, C and H are controlled to balance strength, ductility, toughness and drawing consistency.
- Good biocompatibility: A stable TiO2 passive film helps limit ion release in physiological environments. The finished device still requires applicable biological evaluation.
- Good corrosion resistance: Performance is generally excellent in saline, body fluids and many chlorides, but crevices, fretting corrosion, dissimilar-metal coupling and fluoride exposure require device-level evaluation.
- Good weldability: Qualified inert-gas, laser or resistance welding may be used; heat input and shielding of fine wire must be tightly controlled to prevent O, N, H and C contamination.
- Moderate-strength grade: Grade 2 suits many medical wire parts but is not the highest-strength unalloyed titanium grade. Load-bearing implants require design verification using actual load, fatigue, wire diameter, surface condition and service-life requirements.
Chemical Composition
The following limits apply to ASTM F67 Grade 2. Values are mass percentages. Formal acceptance is governed by the contract edition and producer certified report.
| Element | ASTM F67 Grade 2 requirement |
| Nitrogen, N | ≤0.03% |
| Carbon, C | ≤0.08% |
| Hydrogen, H | ≤0.015% |
| Iron, Fe | ≤0.30% |
| Oxygen, O | ≤0.25% |
| Residual elements, each | ≤0.10% |
| Residual elements, total | ≤0.40% |
| Titanium, Ti | Balance |
- Technical references: ASTM F67 official scope and producer data for Grade 2 / UNS R50400.
- Oxygen and iron: Oxygen is an important interstitial strengthener in unalloyed titanium, and iron also increases strength. Grade 2 permits higher oxygen and iron limits than Grade 1, providing higher strength with somewhat lower fine-wire drawing and complex-forming margins.
- Nitrogen, carbon and hydrogen: These elements require strict control. Excess content raises hardness and reduces ductility; hydrogen may promote hydrides and embrittlement.
- Residual elements: Each and total limits must be controlled. Testing only the principal impurities does not satisfy the full chemistry requirement.
- Titanium content: The specification states Titanium: Balance. A nominal purity claim does not replace heat-specific chemical analysis and the material report.
Mechanical Properties
ASTM F67 specifies room-temperature tensile properties for Grade 2 wrought products. Wire specimens are generally tested along the wire axis; formal acceptance must follow the applicable diameter, specimen form, condition and official standard table.
| Property | ASTM F67 Grade 2 annealed reference | Note |
| Ultimate tensile strength | ≥345 MPa | Official applicable product table governs |
| 0.2% yield strength | 275-450 MPa | A specified range, not one minimum |
| Elongation | ≥20% | Subject to size and specimen conditions |
| Reduction of area | Per applicable diameter/specimen requirement | Check the official table when ordered |
ASTM F67 Grade 2 Annealed Titanium Wire Reference Requirements
| Property | Grade 2 annealed reference |
| Ultimate tensile strength | Minimum 345 MPa |
| 0.2% yield strength | 275-450 MPa |
| Elongation | Minimum 20% |
| Elastic modulus | Typical approx. 105 GPa |
Important: Mechanical properties must be applied with Grade 2 wire diameter, specimen form, condition and the official table. Generic website data cannot replace contract acceptance, and ASTM F67 raw-material compliance alone does not qualify a finished implant.
HTN Supply and Quality Documentation
HTN organizes ASTM F67 Grade 2 unalloyed titanium wire supply to customer purchase requirements. Material is produced by qualified titanium-mill resources. Original mill reports, heat traceability, chemistry and mechanical records can be supplied as agreed. HTN reviews edition, heat number, diameter, tolerance, condition, coil or straight-length form, surface, straightness and packaging, and can arrange independent retesting, straightening, cut-to-length service, clean packaging and third-party inspection.
Typical Applications
- Raw material for orthopedic or trauma-fixation cerclage wire, ligature wire and related parts after device-level validation;
- fine wire, mesh or formed-component stock for cranio-maxillofacial, dental and restorative devices;
- surgical-instrument parts requiring moderate strength, good ductility, coiling or weaving capability;
- raw material for implant meshes, support structures, porous structures and small connecting parts;
- medical locating wire, connecting wire, resilient elements and precision formed parts;
- precision titanium wire drawn, straightened, cut or processed to customer drawings;
- research, prototype and custom medical-device material;
- international projects when ISO 5832-2, regulatory and customer requirements are also met.
Application boundary: ASTM F67 Grade 2 titanium wire is raw material for surgical implant manufacture, not an approved finished implant. The final device must separately meet applicable regulations, design validation, biological evaluation, cleaning, sterilization and traceability requirements.
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Fabrication and Machining Characteristics
Drawing, Straightening and Dimensional Control
Grade 2 wire is typically produced by multiple drawing passes from wire rod. Die condition, area reduction per pass, lubrication, drawing speed and intermediate annealing should be controlled to limit scoring, laps, localized necking, out-of-roundness and residual stress. Because Grade 2 is stronger than Grade 1, the drawing window and intermediate annealing schedule must be validated for the actual diameter.
Cold working
Grade 2 has good cold formability and is suitable for bending, coiling, weaving, flattening and end forming, although its forming margin is generally lower than Grade 1. Actual limits depend on diameter, grain size, surface condition, cold-work level, bend radius and intermediate annealing.
Annealing and heat treatment
Annealing restores ductility after drawing, lowers residual stress and stabilizes equiaxed alpha microstructure. Unalloyed titanium is not conventionally age hardened; substantial strengthening comes mainly from cold work. Qualified atmospheres are required to prevent oxidation, alpha case and hydrogen pickup.
Welding and joining
Qualified GTAW/TIG, laser or resistance welding may be used. Clean thoroughly before welding and fully shield the pool, root and hot heat-affected zone. Fine-wire joints require device-level strength, fatigue, corrosion and cleanliness validation.
Typical Physical Properties
The following are typical Grade 2 values near room temperature; unless explicitly specified, they are not mandatory lot-acceptance values of ASTM F67 .
| Physical property | Reference value |
| Density | Approx. 4.51 g/cm³ |
| Elastic modulus at room temperature | Approx. 105 GPa |
| Thermal conductivity at 21°C | Approx. 16 W/(m·K) |
| Mean CTE, 20-100°C | Approx. 8.6×10⁻⁶/K |
| Melting temperature reference | Approx. 1670°C |
| Poisson’s ratio | Typically approx. 0.34 |
| Crystal structure at room temperature | HCP alpha titanium |
| Magnetism | Essentially non-magnetic |
| Strengthening mechanism | Mainly cold work; not conventionally age hardenable |
| Specific heat at room temperature | Typically approx. 520 J/(kg·K) |
Physical-property reference: Producer data for Grade 2 / UNS R50400. Values vary with temperature, microstructure, orientation, cold work and heat treatment.
Corrosion Resistance
Grade 2 develops a spontaneous, renewable TiO2 passive film and generally resists saline, body fluids and many chloride environments. Actual device performance also depends on surface treatment, crevices, micromotion, dissimilar metals, electrochemical conditions and sterilization or cleaning residues.
Environments in Which Grade 2 Generally Performs Well
- Saline and many simulated-body-fluid environments;
- humid air and high-purity water;
- neutral chloride solutions;
- many oxidizing environments;
- properly controlled cleaning and passivation processes;
- many medical-device sterilization processes after device validation;
- long-term tissue contact without fretting;
- validated dental and orthopedic device environments.
Environments Requiring Careful Evaluation
- Fluoride cleaners, hydrofluoric acid or high-fluoride oral conditions;
- local acidification in oxygen-starved crevices;
- combined fretting, wear and corrosion;
- galvanic coupling with unsuitable dissimilar metals;
- cathodic hydrogen charging or improper electrochemical treatment;
- strong reducing acids;
- hot concentrated salts or unusual disinfection chemicals;
- areas containing particles, residues or surface damage;
- new uses lacking device-level corrosion and biological validation.
Engineering caution: Biocompatibility and body-fluid corrosion performance are not determined by grade alone. Roughness, cleanliness, micromotion, wear, crevices, dissimilar metals, fluoride exposure and sterilization residues can affect the final device.
Typical Industry Manufacturing Route for ASTM F67 Grade 2 Titanium Wire
- Raw-material selection and charge preparation: Select qualified high-purity sponge and strictly controlled clean revert, closely controlling O, Fe, N, C, H and residuals.
- Electrode preparation: Homogenize, compact and weld a consumable electrode while avoiding iron particles, oil, moisture and foreign contamination.
- Vacuum melting and ingot production: VAR or another qualified vacuum route is commonly used. ASTM F67 specifies finished-material requirements; special melt count or raw-material restrictions must be stated in the order.
- Ingot conditioning and breakdown: Crop unsuitable ends, remove surface defects, and forge or roll to break down the cast structure and produce billet suitable for rod rolling.
- Wire-rod rolling: Roll the billet to coil or wire rod under controlled temperature, managing structure uniformity, dimensions, scale and surface defects.
- Surface conditioning and preliminary annealing: Use validated pickling, mechanical peeling or another suitable method to remove scale and alpha case while controlling hydrogen pickup and iron contamination.
- Multi-pass drawing: Draw progressively through qualified dies to the target diameter. Apply intermediate annealing according to cold work and control diameter tolerance, out-of-roundness, surface quality and mechanical properties.
- Final annealing, straightening and cleaning: Apply final annealing or stress relief as ordered. Supply as coil wire or straightened cut lengths, and use validated cleaning to remove lubricant, abrasive, iron and pickling residues.
- Inspection: Verify chemistry, tensile properties, diameter, out-of-roundness, surface and appearance; check length and straightness for straight wire. Special microstructure, grain size, roughness or nondestructive testing must be ordered when required.
- Identification, packaging and traceability: Maintain heat, lot, coil/straight wire and report correspondence. Use clean spools, coils or protective tubes to prevent tangling, kinking, scratches and cross-contamination.
Manufacturing and inspection note: ASTM F67 specifies material requirements, but special melt count, microstructure, grain size, tight diameter tolerance, out-of-roundness, straightness, surface roughness, clean packaging, EN 10204 3.1 documentation and third-party inspection must be confirmed in the purchase order.
